The Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences
The Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences (EPHELS) is a peer-reviewed and online free journal. EPHELS is an international journal. As an open access journal, the Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences (EPHELS) does not charge article submission or processing fees. The manuscripts which are accepted for publication in the EPHELS are invited from the conferences. The Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences (EPHELS) welcomes any research papers on medical, health, environment and life sciences using techniques from and applications in any technical knowledge domain: original theoretical works, literature reviews, research articles. The articles should be original, unpublished, and not in consideration for publication elsewhere at the time of submission to the EPHELS. The full paper versions of the conference papers are published in the EPHELS.
International Society for Research in Education and Science (ISRES)
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Determining the Impact of Urbanization on Green Spaces Using NDVI Analysis: The Case of Konya City
Rapid population growth and urbanization processes lead to significant changes in land use/cover, particularly in developing cities, often resulting in the reduction of green spaces. In this study, the impact of urbanization on vegetation Dynamics in Konya, located in the Central Anatolia Region of Türkiye, was analyzed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Landsat satellite images from 2015 and 2025 were utilized to reveal the temporal and spatial variations in vegetation density. The analysis of NDVI values indicates that vegetation cover has notably decreased, particularly in areas experiencing urban expansion. Considering the development pattern of Konya over the last decade, it is evident that urban growth has predominantly occurred over agricultural lands and natural vegetation areas, leading to an overall declining trend in NDVI values. However, localized increases in NDVI were also observed in green spaces such as parks and recreational areas. This finding suggests that urbanization does not produce exclusively negative impacts; rather, its effects are strongly dependent on the nature of urban development and planning approaches. In conclusion, the case of Konya demonstrates that urbanization generally leads to a reduction in vegetation density. NDVI based analyses prove to be an effective tool for evaluating the ecological impacts of urban growth. The integration of such analyses into sustainable urban planning processes contributes to the protection and enhancement of green spaces and supports the development of scientifically informed strategies aimed at mitigating ecological impacts.
Copyright (c) 2026 The Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial Clustering and Determinants of Agricultural to Urban Land Conversion at the Neighborhood Level: Evidence from Konya, Türkiye
Urban expansion processes exert significant pressure on agricultural land, particularly in rapidly growing cities. This study analyzes the spatial distribution and determinants of agricultural-to-urban land conversion at the neighborhood level in Konya, Türkiye, for the period 1990–2018. First, the spatial pattern of agricultural land loss was examined using Global Moran’s I and Local Moran’s I (LISA) statistics. Global Moran’s I result (I = 0.2037, p < 0.01) indicates that agricultural land conversion exhibits statistically significant positive spatial autocorrelation, suggesting that land-use transitions are spatially clustered rather than randomly distributed. LISA analysis further reveals that high conversion clusters are primarily concentrated along the southwestern urban growth corridor of the city. To identify the key determinants of agricultural land conversion, an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model was employed. The results demonstrate that the initial urban land ratio and distance to the city center are statistically significant predictors of conversion intensity. The negative coefficients of both variables indicate that agricultural land conversion increases in neighborhoods located closer to the city center and in areas with higher initial levels of urban development. Although the explanatory power of the model is moderate (R² = 0.239), the presence of spatial clustering highlights the importance of spatial interaction effects and neighborhood spillover dynamics in shaping land-use transitions. Overall, the findings suggest that urban growth in Konya follows a spatially structured and directional pattern. These results underline the critical role of spatial planning policies in guiding urban expansion and protecting agricultural land resources. The study demonstrates that neighborhood-level spatial analysis provides valuable insights for understanding urban land transformation processes and for developing sustainable land management strategies.
A Proposed Institutional and Technical Model for Establishing a Marine Information System in Türkiye’s Marine Area Management
The lack of comprehensive and standardized spatial data, which is the most fundamental requirement for the effective management and sustainable use of marine areas, complicates the processes of planning, implementation and monitoring in these areas. Today, institutions responsible for marine areas produce spatial data of varying characteristics in line with their respective areas of responsibility and objectives. However, the production of these data in different standards and formats, lacking inter-institutional coordination, brings with it "interoperability" issues in terms of data sharing and integrated use. Although efforts to establish a National Spatial Data Infrastructure in Türkiye began a quarter of a century ago, a comprehensive information system covering spatial data for coastal and marine areas has not been established. Based on this deficiency, the study addresses the establishment of a "Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure" – in other words, a Marine Information System – compatible with international data standards as an inevitable necessity for the effective management of Türkiye’s marine areas. Within the scope of this study, the literature on marine information systems was reviewed, and the application models of competent countries and organizations (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Australian Marine Spatial Information System, Marine Data Infrastructure Germany, etc.) were examined. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to determine the institutional structure responsible for the marine information system that can manage Türkiye-specific conditions, considering national and international legal regulations and global practices. As a result of the study, the fundamental data classes and data types that should be included in the initial phase of the Türkiye Marine Information System were identified, and a proposal was developed regarding the competent authority responsible for system governance. This study provides an institutional and technical roadmap that will contribute to the data-driven and spatial management of Türkiye’s rights and interests within its maritime jurisdiction areas.
In Vivo Developmental Toxicity and Teratogenic Evaluation of Cucumis melo L. var. Gama Melon Parfum Extract on Wader Pari Fish(Rasbora lateristriata) Embryos
Cucumis melo L. var. Gama Melon Parfum (GMP) is a superior hybrid cultivar developed by the Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, characterized by its distinctive sweet aroma and bitter taste. Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated the anticancer potential of GMP extract through the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis; however, its in vivo toxicity and developmental safety profile remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the developmental toxicity and teratogenic potential of GMP extract using Rasbora lateristriata embryos as a biological model. This Indonesian native species offers several advantages, including embryo transparency, high environmental sensitivity, and rapid development, with hatching occurring within 24 hours. The study was conducted in accordance with the Fish Embryo Toxicity (FET) guidelines (OECD Test No. 236, 2025). A preliminary range-finding test indicated 100% mortality at 1000 ppm, followed by a definitive test using concentrations of 50, 100, 250, and 500 ppm in 0.1% DMSO. Early-stage embryos (2–4 hpf) were exposed up to 96 hpf, and endpoints including hatching rate, survival rate, heart rate, and morphological abnormalities were assessed. The results revealed a concentration-dependent response. At 50–250 ppm, no significant effects were observed on survival, hatching, or heart rate; however, notable teratogenic effects were identified, including spinal deformities, ocular abnormalities (microphthalmia and anophthalmia), hemorrhage, and impaired swim bladder development. In contrast, exposure to 500 ppm resulted in acute lethal toxicity, as evidenced by complete mortality, absence of hatching, and loss of cardiac activity. In conclusion, GMP extract exhibits developmental toxicity characterized by a transition from sublethal (teratogenic) to lethal effects with increasing concentration. These findings underscore the importance of dose optimization and comprehensive in vivo evaluation in the development of GMP extract as a potential biomedical agent.
Impact of Natural Disaster and Essential Spawning Habitat (ESH) Characteristics on the Conservation of the Vulnerable Endemic Bilih Fish (Mystacoleucus padangensis) in Lake Singkarak, Indonesia
The Bilih fish (Mystacoleucus padangensis) is a high value endemic species critical to regional aquaculture biosystems. Currently listed as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List, its wild stocks are facing an acute ecological and economic crisis, evidenced by a dramatic 99% collapse in catch volume (from 1 ton/day in 2002 to only 10 kg/day in 2025). This study aimed to characterize the Essential Spawning Habitat (ESH) and governing reproductive strategies, and to develop conservation management principles. Environmental metrics and habitat characteristics (substrate, depth) were measured. Results confirmed that the ESH functions as a critical biosystem component, defined by extremely shallow waters (4–16 cm) and sandy and rocky substrates. Precise environmental cues, specifically consistently low nocturnal temperatures (22–24°C), act as triggering inputs for migration and spawning. This existing stock crisis was severely exacerbated by a catastrophic flood and landslide event that occurred on November 27, 2025, in the spawning locality of West Sumatra. The disaster resulted in the critical degradation of the ESH, primarily through infilling the original substrate with unsuitable mud and fine sand. This damage effectively eliminated the essential rocky spawning media required for behavioral triggering, consequently disrupting the remaining reproductive cycle and accelerating the failure of current resource management efforts. Given the evident high sensitivity of the reproductive process to specific biosystem inputs and the physical destruction of the ESH by the natural disaster, this study urgently recommends strict conservation zoning and ecology based management. Crucially, these must be immediately followed by habitat restoration efforts to reinstate the necessary rocky substrate. Such measures are vital inputs for the regional biosystem, not only to prevent the immediate loss of this Vulnerable endemic germplasm but also to secure the biological foundations required for future resource recovery and sustainable ex-situ aquaculture development.
Modeling Agro-Environmental Dynamics with VAR under Climate and Volcanic Variability: A Simulation-Based OLS–GLS Comparison from East Flores, Indonesia
Vector Autoregressive (VAR) modeling provides a flexible framework for examining dynamic interdependencies among multiple time-series variables within agro-environmental systems. Reliable estimation of VAR parameters is critical for accurate inference and forecasting, particularly when vegetation indicators and climatic variables are affected by correlated and heteroskedastic disturbances. This study conducts a simulation-based evaluation of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimators for VAR models under alternative error variance structures. A trivariate VAR(1) specification is employed to characterize agro-environmental dynamics involving vegetation condition, represented by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), total precipitation, and near-surface air temperature. Monte Carlo simulation experiments are performed to assess estimator performance under independent and correlated disturbance scenarios using bias, variance, and mean squared error as evaluation metrics. To demonstrate empirical relevance, the methodological framework is illustrated using monthly agro-climatic observations from East Flores Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, spanning January 2015 to November 2024. The dataset is compiled from MODIS NDVI products and NASA POWER climatic records. The study setting also reflects recent environmental disturbances linked to volcanic activity in East Flores, which may amplify variability and cross-dependence among agro-environmental variables. Simulation results indicate that OLS estimators remain unbiased and exhibit satisfactory efficiency when error terms are independent. In contrast, under correlated or heteroskedastic disturbances—conditions frequently encountered in agro-environmental time-series data—GLS provides more efficient parameter estimates with lower estimation error. The empirical illustration corroborates the simulation outcomes by demonstrating the role of climatic interactions in shaping vegetation dynamics. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of incorporating appropriate error structures in multivariate agro-environmental time-series analysis and offer methodological insights for agricultural and life science applications employing VAR models.
Myricetin Modulates Redox Balance in MDBK Cells in a Dose-Dependent Manner
Myricetin (MYR), a natural flavonoid, exerts antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and enhancing cellular defenses. However, its dose-dependent redox-regulatory effects in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells remain unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of myricetin on redox balance in MDBK cells by measuring total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant capacity (TOC). MYR was dissolved in 0.1% DMSO. Cells were treated for 24 hours in quadruplicate, with untreated cells as the negative control (NC) and 0.1% DMSO as the vehicle control. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, confirming that MYR treatments maintained >95% cell survival. TAC and TOC levels were measured using a commercial spectrophotometric kit, and each measurement was carried out in duplicate. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated as the ratio of TOC to TAC. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, with p<0.05 considered significant. TAC levels (mmol Trolox equivalent/L) increased from 1.07±0.03 in the NC group to 1.29±0.07 with MYR 10 μM (p=0.008), 1.52±0.07 with MYR 50 μM (p<0.01), and 1.73±0.12 with MYR 100 μM (p<0.01). Conversely, TOC levels (μmol H₂O₂ equivalent/L) decreased from 10.19±0.28 in NC to 8.02±0.17 with MYR 10 μM (p<0.01), 7.33±0.17 with MYR 50 μM (p<0.01), and 6.09±0.11 with MYR 100 μM (p<0.01). The 0.1% DMSO control did not significantly alter TAC (1.16±0.06, p>0.05 vs NC) but caused a slight decrease in TOC (9.50±0.18, p>0.05 vs NC). These results indicate that myricetin modulates oxidative balance in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, MYR significantly increased antioxidant capacity and reduced oxidative stress in MDBK cells in a dose-dependent manner. The dose-dependent decrease in OSI values indicates a shift towards redox balance. These findings, which reveal the cellular redox regulatory potential of MYR, are expected to contribute to the understanding of flavonoid-mediated antioxidant mechanisms in veterinary and cell biology research, as well as in nutraceutical studies as a feed supplement.
Comparison of SMOTE and GAN Data Augmentation Methods in Sleep Stage Classification
Sleep is a vital process that occupies a significant portion of human life. Poor sleep quality can lead to the emergence of neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, sleep staging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of sleep-related disorders. Traditionally, sleep staging is performed manually by experts in clinical settings by evaluating biomedical signals recorded via polysomnography (PSG) in accordance with the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) standards. However, since this process is both labor-intensive and prone to human error, its automation is of great importance. Excluding the wake stage, sleep is divided into two main phases: Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM). The distribution of these stages throughout the sleep period provides essential information regarding sleep quality. However, these stages are not distributed evenly, which leads to the Class Imbalance Problem (CIP) in automatic classification and can negatively affect model performance. In this study, the MIT-BIH Polysomnographic Database—a challenging dataset due to significant class imbalance and signal variability—was utilized to automatically determine sleep stages. The effects of data augmentation approaches, specifically the classical SMOTE method and the deep learning-based GAN, were investigated using a proposed end-to-end CNN - BiLSTM architecture. Performance evaluations were conducted for both 3-class and 5-class staging scenarios. The experimental results are as follows: The accuracy values achieved for 3-class and 5-class staging were 87.58% and 75.85% without data balancing, 85.91% and 71.82% with SMOTE, and 86.60% and 75.31% with GAN-based augmentation, respectively. The results indicate that data augmentation methods do not always yield performance improvements in sleep staging tasks, particularly due to the complex temporal structure of EEG signals. Nevertheless, the 87.58% accuracy achieved without any data balancing demonstrates that the proposed CNN–BiLSTM architecture possesses a high capacity for learning sleep staging patterns.
Image segmentation involves partitioning of an image into distinct regions based on criteria such as color, texture, or shape, facilitating the focused analysis of relevant objects. Among the various approaches to image segmentation, clustering algorithms, particularly K-means, have gained prominence because of their efficacy in grouping similar pixels. However, these algorithms face challenges such as predetermining the number of regions and sensitivity to initial cluster centers. These issues often result in inconsistent segmentation. This paper proposes a novel color-based segmentation approach that utilizes density function mode detection to predict suitable cluster centroids, aiming to enhance the consistency and accuracy of segmentation results. As demonstrated by various tests, the proposed method has the potential to improve the analysis in numerous domains, including object detection, facial recognition, medical imaging and remote sensing.
Copyright (c) 2025 The Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Screening of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of Streptomyces spp. Isolated from the Sediments
The purpose of this study was to assess the activity of Streptomyces spp., isolate and identify them from samples of silt soil and Tigris river water in Mosul, Iraq. Variations in the isolates' microscopic and biochemical properties were used to identify them., such as soluble pigment, aerobic mycelium, and substrate mycelium. Using the perpendicular streak method, eight of the twelve actinomycete isolates that were isolated from the water and sediments of the Tigris River exhibited antibacterial activity against specific pathogenic bacteria. Staphyloccocus aureus (MTCC 3260), Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Klibsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, E. coli (MTCC 443), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), and Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria were all susceptible to the broad-spectrum activity of isolate Sediment Lake Iraq E2. According to the findings of phylogenetic analysis, isolate E2 shared the closest kinship with Streptomyces sp. (EU257231). Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the Streptomyces isolate E2's secondary metabolite was further examined. There is evidence that these secondary metabolites are harmless and may have antibacterial properties against human pathogens.
Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activities of Nymphaea Lotus and 5-Fluorouracil on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells
Nymphaea lotus Linn (Nymphaeceae), an ubiquitious tropical water plant is a major component of herbal decoctions administered in rural Nigeria for the treatment of a wide range of diseases including cancers. However, the potency and mechanism of antiproliferative action of the plant extract against tumours are not yet established. This study was designed to investigate in vivo and in vitro the anti-tumour potency of ethanol extract of Nymphaea lotus (NLE) in comparison with 5-fluorouracil (Standard anti-tumour drug) in EAC-treated Swiss albino mice. 20 acclimatized adult male Swiss albino mice were inoculated with 106 EAC cells/mouse intraperitoneally and randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 mice/group. Group I served as negative control (EAC only), groups II and III received intraperitoneal injections of 20 and 40 mg/kg bodyweight NLE for 14 days while Group IV received 20 mg/kg fluorouracil. A fifth group of 5 mice served as the baseline control and was administered only 0.9% NaCl (Physiological saline). Tumour development was evaluated by determining the weight gain, ascitic weight gain and volume. MST and percentage ILS were also determined. DNA was extracted from EAC cells from treated animals and subjected to DNA fragmentation assay via electrophoresis. Intraperitoneal administration of 40 mg/kg bodyweight NLE significantly reduced the ascetic fluid volume, induced morphological changes, decreased the viability of the ascitic cells and also caused a prolongation of the lifespan of animals. Nymphaea lotus elicited similar pattern of responses to 5-fluorouracil which are characteristic of apoptosis.
In Vitro Micropropagation of Selected Halophytic Species from Family the Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae)
This study focuses on the in vitro micropropagation of selected halophytic species belonging to the Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae) family, collected from ecologically diverse and arid regions of Uzbekistan, including Sirdarya, Bukhara, and the drained Aral Sea zone (Muynak district). The primary objective was to establish sterile cultures, optimize the growth conditions, and evaluate the regenerative capacity and biomass accumulation of these salt-tolerant plants under controlled laboratory conditions.Sterile explants were obtained from seedlings germinated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with kinetin, BAP, or without growth regulators. Under these conditions, active germination was observed as early as days 3–6 of cultivation. The application of auxins and their combinations with kinetin, as well as 6-BAP—excluding media containing NAA - induced shoot regeneration across most annual halophyte species during both initial and subsequent subcultures. This led to a significant increase in explant proliferation and plant biomass production.For secondary subcultures of Salsola dendroides, Salsola orientalis, and Salsola richteri, Woody Plant Medium (WPM) was employed, demonstrating its suitability for maintaining and multiplying regenerants. The study highlights the effectiveness of specific plant growth regulators and media formulations in enhancing in vitro propagation efficiency.These results offer a promising foundation for the conservation, sustainable use, and possible reintroduction of halophytes into degraded saline environments, particularly the former Aral Sea bed. The established micropropagation protocols may further serve as a model for other stress-tolerant plant species with ecological and medicinal potential.
The Ecological, Chemical, Biological and Medical Condition of the Aral Sea Region
This article thoroughly examines the ecological state of the Aral Sea region and its impact on human health, particularly from medical, biological, chemical, and microbiological perspectives. The ecological crisis caused by the drying of the Aral Sea poses a serious threat not only to the environment but also to public health. As the water level has decreased and the seabed has dried up, large amounts of salt and dust have been released into the air, increasing the concentration of heavy metals, pesticides, and other toxic substances in the atmosphere. This has led to a rise in respiratory, cardiovascular, oncological, and allergic diseases. Additionally, internal diseases such as liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal disorders are frequently observed, largely due to the poor quality of drinking water and food products. Dental diseases, including caries, periodontitis, and gum inflammations, are also widespread in the region, which is linked to the deterioration in water quality, deficiency of essential microelements, and chemically-influenced oral hygiene conditions. Pollution of soil and water resources disrupts the biological balance, negatively affecting plant and animal life. Changes in the microbiological environment have also increased the risk of infectious diseases. The article provides a scientific analysis of the medical and biological consequences of environmental degradation and offers recommendations aimed at protecting public health and restoring ecological stability.
Immune Alterations in Experimental Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by insulin-independent hyperglycemia, impaired carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and systemic complications. This study aimed to investigate metabolic and immune alterations in male laboratory rats with experimentally induced T2DM. Forty rats weighing 200 ± 20 g were divided into two groups: control and T2DM. Diabetes was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg), and hyperglycemia was confirmed by fasting blood glucose levels exceeding 7.0 mmol/L. Metabolic analysis revealed significant hyperglycemia (20% increase, p<0.05), elevated immunoreactive insulin and C-peptide concentrations (p<0.05), and a trend toward increased glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), indicating compensatory β-cell hyperactivity and early-stage metabolic dysregulation. Immunological assessment showed decreased total leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, with pronounced reductions in T-lymphocytes (CD3+) and T-helper cells (CD4+) (p<0.05), while T-suppressor cells (CD8+) remained unchanged, resulting in a reduced CD4/CD8 ratio. Functional tests demonstrated impaired lymphocyte mitogenic response, reduced antibody-forming cell activity, and suppressed natural killer cell activity (p<0.01), suggesting compromised innate and adaptive immunity. These findings indicate that experimental T2DM induces a combination of metabolic disturbances and systemic immune dysfunction. The observed interplay between hyperglycemia, β-cell stress, and immune suppression may contribute to increased susceptibility to infections and chronic inflammatory processes. Understanding these early alterations provides insight into the pathogenesis of T2DM and may inform the development of therapeutic strategies targeting both metabolic and immune pathways.
Effect of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Supplementation on Broiler Growth, Carcass Traits, Blood Indices and Cecal Microbial Load
This study evaluated the effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from garlic and ginger extracts on broiler nutrition at 4, 8, and 12 mg/kg concentrations. Characterization showed spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of 240 nm, O–H and C–H functional groups, and an elemental composition of 22.03% silver along with traces of Cl, C, N, Na, and S. XRD analysis revealed a crystalline structure with prominent peaks at 2θ angles of 38.10°, 46.05°, 64.04°, and 76.36°, corresponding to specific planes. Growth performance results indicated that increasing AgNP concentrations led to a significant rise in body weight, with a final weight of 745.30 g at 12 mg/kg compared to 510.39 g in the control and a reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) from 2.78 to 1.59. Carcass evaluation showed the highest dressing and organ weights at 12 mg/kg, while kidney and gizzard weights peaked at lower concentrations. Liver function remained unaffected, while renal function tests showed increased creatinine, urea, globulin, total protein, and albumin values at specific concentrations. Antimicrobial analysis demonstrated reduced fungal and E. coli counts at higher AgNP doses, although aerobic bacterial growth increased. In conclusion, supplementing broiler diets with 12 mg/kg of AgNPs positively impacted growth, carcass traits, liver and renal health, and microbial balance in the intestine.
Breast Cancer: From Molecular Subtypes to Metastasis
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and is the leading cause of female mortality worldwide. According to the American Cancer Society, 13% of women (1 in 8 women) will have been diagnosed with breast cancer at least once in their lifetime. Although breast cancer is more common in women, men are also susceptible to breast cancer, but to a much lesser extent. Only 0.12% of men (one in 833 men) are diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast cancer is caused by the interplay between genes and specific environmental factors. The classification of breast cancer into different molecular subtypes that are different from each other affects the choice of the type of treatments. A number of recent studies have shown a significant relationship between breast cancer molecular subtype and metastatic status. The metastasis is a process of biological actions that must be completed by cancer cells to exit the primary tumor and develop a new tumor at a distant site. Certain breast cancer molecular subtypes are more likely to cause metastases in certain organs of the body than others. Primary and secondary breast cancer of the triple-negative molecular subtype is often the worst, followed by the HER+ molecular subtype.
The Influence of Food Variety and Quality on the Anatomical and Physiological Status of the Digestive System Organs
This study focuses on the influence of food variety and quality on the anatomical and physiological status of the human gastrointestinal system (GIS). Emphasizing the interconnection of nutrition and medical research, the study shows how different food types influence the digestive process, particularly concerning the secretion of gastrointestinal juices and digestive enzymes, the functional and mechanical response of the gastrointestinal organs such as the oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, and colon, and entirety of the gut. This research contributes to the understanding of the relationship between food composition and digestive organs structure and physiology. An “Gut on a chip” model is designed to recreate the gastrointestinal environment under controlled laboratory conditions, allowing for the analysis of mechanical and biochemical breakdown of food ingested, without the need for in vivo trials (Valei et al., 2023). This model also allows for the observation of food substrate disintegration and quantification of secretions from various gastrointestinal organs. Through comparative evaluation of dietary components—including dietary fiber, roughage, macronutrients, and bioactive compounds—the study sheds light on their role in mastication, enzymatic hydrolysis, nutrient absorption, and microbiome balance (Conlon & Birth, 2014; Lattimer & Haub, 2010). Additionally, also examines how food quality influences the functional integrity and efficiency of digestive organs, including the role of dentition in the initial phase of digestion. The objective is to identify which food varieties best support gastrointestinal function and mucosal health, thereby informing evidence-based dietary recommendations.
Functional and Clinical Outcomes After Modified Fulkerson Osteotomy for Patellar Maltracking
Patellar maltracking syndrome (PMS) is characterized by abnormal patellar motion, leading to anterior knee pain, instability, and patellofemoral joint degeneration. Often associated factors are patella alta, trochlear dysplasia, increased quadriceps angle, and vastus medialis oblique weakness. When conservative management, including physical therapy and McConnell taping fails, surgical intervention is required. This retrospective study, performed at the University Clinic for Surgical Diseases ‘St. Naum Ohridski’ – Skopje, North Macedonia, evaluates the clinical efficacy of modified Fulkerson tibial tubercle osteotomy in 30 patients with PMS. Diagnosis was based on clinical assessment and radiographic imaging. The preoperative Kujala Score ranged from 46 to 63 (mean 54.5, average 56), while the preoperative KOOS score ranged from 24 to 57 (mean 40.5, average 41.55), indicating moderate functional impairment. Depending on cartilage wear, either medialization or anteromedialization was performed through tibial tubercle osteotomy. Postoperatively, the patients were put on a partial weight – bearing for six weeks. Afterwards, strict rehabilitation program was followed to restore muscle strength, flexibility and patellar tracking. The postoperative outcomes showed a significant clinical improvement. Kujala scores range from 74 to 91 (mean 82.5, average 84) and KOOS score range from 50 to 85 (mean 67.7, average 62.62). Statistical analysis showed significant clinical improvement regarding pain and function (p<0.001). Four patients experienced mild lateral knee pain which was successfully treated conservatively. There were not reported any cases of deep vein thrombosis, infection or fractures. The downside of this technique is the hardware removal which was required by eight patients after an average time of 2 years from the surgical intervention. This study claims that the modified Fulkerson osteotomy is successful in the treatment of PMS, when the conservative treatment fails. Significant clinical improvements in pain, function, and stability are achieved through this technique while maintaining a low complication rate.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) is a protein involved in cell growth, development, and regeneration, and it is produced in the liver in response to growth hormone. Recent studies have shown that IGF-1 may play a role in the development and spread of certain types of cancer. While IGF-1 promotes cell proliferation, it can also inhibit apoptosis a feature that may lead to uncontrolled growth of cancer cells and aggressive tumor progression. Numerous studies have investigated IGF-1 levels in relation to breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers. Researchers have found strong evidence that IGF-1 not only contributes to cell proliferation in cancer patients but may also facilitate metastasis. Therefore, research targeting IGF-1 levels and its receptors is considered a promising strategy in cancer treatment and management. In our study, we examined IGF-1 levels in 100 bladder cancer tissue samples 50 from patients with low-grade cancer and 50 from those with high-grade cancer. Tissue samples were properly processed and converted into supernatant form, after which they were analyzed using the chemiluminescent immunoassay method on an autoanalyzer. According to our results, the IGF-1 levels in patient samples were found to be below the reference range of the IGF-1 kit used. However, statistical analysis revealed that IGF-1 levels were significantly higher in patients with high-grade bladder cancer compared to those with low-grade cancer. This suggests that IGF-1 expression pathways may be disrupted in cancer and could have a negative impact in high-grade cases. We believe that our study may shed light on cancer by determining the level of IGF-1 hormone in tissue samples of patients with bladder cancer.
Arthroscopy in Acute Ankle Fractures: A Weber Classification-Based Analysis
Ankle fractures are common orthopedic injuries, often treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). However, 21% to 45% of patients report unsatisfactory outcomes, possibly due to intraarticular pathology. This study aimed to assess these injuries arthroscopically and statistically analyse their prevalence and relation to the Weber classification. A prospective cohort study was conducted on 48 patients with acute ankle fractures at the University Clinic for Surgical Diseases “St. Naum Ohridski” from January 2020 to January 2023. Patients underwent standard preoperative radiographic examinations and were classified according to the Weber classification, followed by arthroscopic intraarticular examination and ORIF. The arthroscopic examination evaluated syndesmotic injury, chondral lesions, loose bodies, and deltoid ligament injuries. Forty-eight patients were studied, with intraarticular pathology found in 33 cases (68.75%). For Weber fractures: type A had 58.33%, type B had 72.73%, and type C had 84.21% of intraarticular pathology. Syndesmotic injury appeared in 33.33% of type A, 50% of type B, and 41.67% of type C fractures. Chondral lesions occurred in 41.67% of type A, 54.55% of type B, and 66.67% of type C fractures. Loose bodies were detected in 8.33% of type A, 18.18% of type B, and 25% of type C fractures. Deltoid ligament injuries were observed in 16.67% of type A, 27.27% of type B, and 41.67% of type C fractures. The study concludes that arthroscopy during ORIF in ankle fractures is valuable for diagnosing intraarticular pathology. It highlights the Weber classification's importance, noting that type C fractures have a higher chance of such involvement. Understanding arthroscopy's diagnostic value in these cases helps surgeons decide on concurrent interventions during ORIF, potentially improving patient outcomes. Further research may investigate how arthroscopy-guided interventions affect clinical outcomes.
Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria from Dead Fish in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Farms in Türkiye
Aquaculture has emerged as an important component of global food security, and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is among the most commercially valuable freshwater species. However, the intensification of trout farming has made fish populations increasingly vulnerable to bacterial infections, posing serious threats to both animal welfare and economic sustainability. This study was conducted to systematically isolate and identify the dominant bacterial pathogens involved in trout mortality cases observed in aquaculture farms in two geographically and climatically distinct regions of Türkiye (Gaziantep and Antalya). A total of 60 lethal fish samples were subjected to integrated microbiological diagnosis combining traditional culture-based methods (including Gram staining and a series of biochemical tests) with high-resolution proteomic identification methods via Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Most of the isolates were taxonomically classified as Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Flavobacterium psychrophilum, pathogens known to play a role in systemic and opportunistic infections in cold-water fish species. The spatial distribution of these bacterial agents revealed significant ecological variability, indicating a strong correlation between pathogen prevalence and environmental parameters such as water temperature, rearing conditions, and geographical location. In particular, MALDI-TOF MS provided high-accuracy species-level identification and showed over 90% agreement with traditional biochemical classification, thereby highlighting its utility as a rapid and reliable diagnostic tool for surveying aquatic diseases. In addition to its etiological importance, the study also provides region-specific epidemiological information on the spatial distribution of bacterial pathogens under changing environmental conditions. By offering this dual perspective, the research provides critical information for the development of targeted disease management frameworks and advocates for the integration of molecular diagnostics and sustainable biological control applications in the aquaculture industry.
Low Levels of Testosterone as a Risk Factor of Hip Fractures in Men Above the Age of Sixty-Five - A Case Series Study
Hip fractures are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly men. Various factors contribute to hip fractures, including osteoporosis, falls, and metabolic imbalances. Recent research suggests that hormonal deficiencies, particularly low testosterone levels, may play a crucial role in bone health and fracture risk. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between low testosterone levels and hip fractures in men above the age of sixty-five. This case series study was conducted at the University Clinic for Surgical Diseases ‘St. Naum Ohridski – Skopje’ in North Macedonia. The study included 10 male patients above 65 years of age who presented with hip fractures, while the control group comprised 10 randomly selected age- and race-matched men without fractures. Testosterone and Vitamin D levels were measured in both groups. The average testosterone levels in the fracture group were 181.97 ng/dl, whereas in the control group, they were 360.006 ng/dl. Average Vitamin D levels in the fracture group were 9.185 ng/ml, compared to 21.232 ng/ml in the control group. These findings suggest that low levels of testosterone and Vitamin D may be significant risk factors for hip fractures in men over 65 years old. Further research is required to establish definitive prevention protocols incorporating hormonal assessments for elderly males at risk of fractures.
Building Eco-Awareness in Preschool Children
Environmental education plays a vital role in fostering ecological awareness and sustainable behavior from an early age. In Indonesia, preschool education offers a strategic platform to cultivate eco-consciousness among young learners. However, its integration faces significant challenges, including limited resources, inadequate teacher training, and the absence of structured curricula. This study explores how Indonesian preschool teachers implement environmental education by examining their strategies, obstacles, and key success factors. Employing a qualitative case study approach, data were gathered through online semi-structured interviews with 15 preschool teachers from various regions, along with curriculum and lesson plan analyses. Thematic analysis revealed that while teachers highly value environmental education, their efforts are often hindered by insufficient training, lack of materials, and rigid curricular frameworks. Despite these barriers, many teachers adopt innovative approaches such as project-based learning, outdoor exploration, and collaborative activities to engage students. Key enablers of effective environmental education include teacher motivation, strong school leadership, and parental involvement. This study highlights the urgent need for enhanced teacher preparation, better resource provision, and more structured curricular support. Addressing these areas is essential for fostering environmental stewardship in young Indonesian children. The findings offer practical insights for educators, policymakers, and curriculum developers committed to advancing early childhood environmental education.
New Approaches to the Identification of Epigenetic Modifications in Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia
Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL), one of the most common hematologic malignancies in adults in Western countries, is a disease in which epigenetic modifications play an important role in its pathogenesis. Fundamental epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs and are critical for normal cellular processes, including cellular growth, development, and differentiation. The identification and understanding of these modifications allows us to analyze the biology of the disease in more detail. Thanks to the technological approaches developed in recent years, it is possible to examine epigenetic changes in CLL in a more sensitive and detailed way. These methods provide a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the disease. In addition to being an important tool in the identification of epigenetic modifications in CLL, these new approaches also contribute to the development of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies. These developments will allow CLL to be managed more effectively.
Intermittent Fasting as a Halal Lifestyle: A Content Analysis
The pandemic is gradually overcoming but this should not make us neglectful of health. There are several things that are a problem for people in Indonesia, namely obesity. This is not only due to the mindset of the people who think that fat is healthy, but also as a result of the pandemic which requires people to limit outdoor activities. This impaired mobility also reduces the daily rate of calorie burning. In addition, a lifestyle that is increasingly facilitated by the convenience of devices such as ordering food and drinks through applications makes calorie intake increase. This makes some people obese. In fact, in addition to reducing aesthetics, obesity can reduce the quality of life. Therefore, a breakthrough is needed to change the post-pandemic lifestyle, namely by implementing a halal lifestyle by fasting. In this study, the fasting in question is fasting Ramadan, fasting David, and fasting Monday-Thursday. This turns out to be in line with a diet method practiced by non-Muslims called intermittent fasting. The method used is qualitative with an interpretive paradigm on Youtube media. The analysis used is reception analysis —an analysis that examines the relationship between media content and the audience as an active interpreter who gives meaning to videos that combine the concept of intermittent fasting with fasting. The purpose of this research is as exploratory research. While the approach taken is integrative interconnective, namely combining the viewpoints of two branches of science, namely religion and science. The results obtained are that there is great potential that sunnah fasting can be applied as a halal lifestyle that has been studied for its benefits in terms of science. So, this does not make the branding of sunnah fasting a dogma but reaffirmation of sunnah fasting as a sensible halal lifestyle.
Evaluating the Role of ChatGPT in Health Information Provision: Capabilities, Limitations, and Ethical Implications
This study provides a critical analysis of ChatGPT's strengths and weaknesses as a resource for delivering health-related information, emphasizing its potential for both general advice and tailored health guidance. Through a systematic review and expert analysis, the study highlights ChatGPT's ability to deliver immediate and accessible information on a wide range of health topics, including nutrition and chronic disease management. While its conversational interface and capacity for personalization make it a valuable resource for users seeking initial advice, significant limitations are evident in its handling of complex and nuanced health scenarios. These shortcomings are primarily attributed to gaps in its training, including outdated data and potential incorporation of unverified sources. The findings emphasize the importance of recognizing ChatGPT as a supplementary tool rather than a replacement for professional healthcare consultation. Ensuring user safety requires ongoing updates to its training datasets, integration of the latest scientific evidence, and the establishment of clear guidelines for its application in healthcare settings. The study underscores the critical role of qualified professionals in verifying and contextualizing AI-generated advice, particularly in complex or high-risk cases. Future research and development are essential to enhance ChatGPT's reliability, accuracy, and effectiveness, ensuring its optimal contribution to health information dissemination while maintaining the highest standards of safety and ethics.
Sustainability and Organic Livestock in 2050: Challenges and Innovations
The global demand for sustainable and organic livestock farming is expected to rise significantly by 2050 due to increasing concerns over climate change, food security, and ethical animal husbandry. Organic livestock production focuses on environmentally friendly practices, reduced reliance on synthetic inputs, and improved animal welfare. Advancements in regenerative agriculture, precision farming, and circular economy models will drive innovation in organic livestock systems. The integration of artificial intelligence, smart sensors, and sustainable feed alternatives will optimize resource efficiency while maintaining organic standards. Additionally, genetic advancements and microbiome research will enhance disease resistance and animal productivity in organic farming systems. However, challenges such as land use limitations, high production costs, disease management, and market accessibility remain key hurdles. Policy reforms, consumer awareness, and technological innovations will be crucial in shaping the future of organic livestock. A holistic approach integrating sustainability, economic feasibility, and ethical considerations will ensure a resilient and efficient organic livestock industry by 2050.
Acute 60Co Γ-Irradiation Effect on Lipid Peroxidation and Immune System in Experimental Animals
The objective of the study was to explore the biochemical and immunological indicators in experimentally irradiated animals. Goup I - intact, group II - exposed to γ-radiation with a dose 6 Gy. The parameters characterizing the body's immune system were studied, lipid peroxidation outputs and antioxidant protective enzymes activity in blood lymphocytes were identified. The results of the study showed that exposure to a sublethal dose of radiation entails a reduction in cellular immunity, especially T-lymphocytes and their subpopulation, as well as to a decrease in the functional activity of the body's non-specific defense. Leukopenia and lymphopenia were observed in irradiated animals. The same pattern was revealed for T-lymphocytes: the number decreased by 20.25%, leading to fell off in CD4+ cells. It was also found that T-suppressors number declined by 14.28%. Ionizing radiation effect led to an increase in the level of DC and MDA, inhibition of the activity of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzymes, as a result of which the oxidative stress formation in the body was observed. Suppression of cellular and humoral immunity, non-specific protection of the body and imbalance of LPO-AOP create preconditions for the emergence of immune pathological state of radiation origin, indicating the necessity to develop promising for adaptation correcting methods.
Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles for Water Purification
Water contamination is a major global concern, necessitating the development of innovative and cost-effective purification technologies. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention due to their remarkable antimicrobial properties, high surface area, and catalytic potential in water treatment. This study explores the synthesis, characterization, and application of AgNPs for water purification. Green synthesis using plant extracts, microbial processes, and chemical reduction methods ensures eco-friendly and sustainable nanoparticle production. The synthesized AgNPs are characterized using techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to determine their size, morphology, and stability. The antimicrobial and pollutant-removal efficacy of AgNPs is evaluated against bacterial contaminants and heavy metals. Findings suggest that AgNPs exhibit strong bactericidal activity and high adsorption capacity, making them effective for water purification applications. However, concerns regarding toxicity, environmental impact, and large-scale production must be addressed. Future research should focus on optimizing synthesis techniques, enhancing stability, and ensuring safe disposal of AgNPs to minimize ecological risks. The integration of AgNP-based filtration systems with existing purification technologies offers a promising approach for sustainable and efficient water treatment solutions.
Molecular Docking Study of α-, β-, and γ-Mangostin from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Targeting VEGFR-2 and NRP-1 for Anti-Angiogenic Therapeutics in Retinopathy Diabetic
To enhance the effectiveness of treatment in diabetic retinopathy patients, the development of drugs that have a combined effect of inhibiting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-2 (VEGFR-2) and Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) should be conducted. This work simulates the interaction of α-mangostin, β-mangostin, and γ-mangostin (Garcinia mangostana L.) as a receptor against VEGFR-2 and NRP-1 as a ligand through the molecular docking approach. Redocking between receptor and native ligand (VEGFR-2, PDB ID: 4ASD and NRP-1 PDB ID: 5C7G) was performed using MGLTools 1.5.7 and Autodock Vina, then continued with PyMol2 to assure RMSD value of 0.981 Å for VEGFR-2 and 1.994 Å for NRP-1 (< 2 Å). The docking results showed that α-mangostin had the lowest binding energy to VEGFR-2 (-8.9 kcal/mol) and NRP-1 (-6.9 kcal/mol), followed by γ-mangostin with binding energy of -8.6 kcal/mol to VEGFR-2 and -6.9 kcal/mol to NRP-1, and β-mangostin with binding energy of -8.3 kcal/mol to VEGFR-2 and -6.5 kcal/mol to NRP-1. In comparison, the positive control, Sunitinib, showed binding energy of -7.9 kcal/mol to VEGFR-2 and -6.2 kcal/mol to NRP-1. This indicates that these compounds have a more lowest energy binding to VEGFR-2 and NRP-1 than Sunitinib. In addition, the docking results visualized using Biovia Discovery Studio 2021 showed that these compounds have hydrogen bonds and several other bonds to the active sites of VEGFR-2 and NRP-1. Hence, the proposed compounds have the potential to be further synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo as a pathological anti-angiogenesis drug in diabetic retinopathy.